How networks actually work
Fibre and PON, DNS, BGP routing, VPNs and the security layers that sit on top of all of it.
Why SAE fixed WPA2’s offline dictionary problem, what transition mode gives back, and a ten-step checklist of router settings that actually reduce risk at home.
A VPN moves your first hop from a network you did not choose to a company you paid. What that actually hides, where the leaks are, and how to read a no-logs claim.
BGP moves every packet between networks and verifies almost nothing. A look at path-vector routing, real hijacks and leaks, and how far RPKI and MANRS have actually got.
How recursive resolvers, root servers and TTLs actually work, why DNSSEC adoption stalled, and what the Dyn, Facebook, Cloudflare and AWS outages teach about failure.
GPON, XGS-PON and 50G-PON explained: the passive splitter tree, why upstream is a scheduled queue, and what “up to” really means when thirty homes share one laser.